Instead of Enum: Limiting Insert Value to Column from Records in One-Colum Table

I am beginner level in SQL (using MySQL server)

QUESTION: what SQL do I use so that, during an INSERT, the field (column) in the main (1st_ table has its permissible values limited the records (rows) in a one-column reference (2nd) table, and such that changes to records (rows) in reference table will update to main table.

Answers that refer to SQL literature (I have a few PDFs) or to online articles welcome.

ELABORATION/EXPLANATION:

I am having a difficult time writing the ALTER TABLE statement so that the following is true:

1. A column in the main main table (Table `A`) is basically an enum data type but will no longer be an enum data type because the set of values is constantly being edited. Call the column `col_2`.

2. The set of values for that column will now come from another table---a one-column table---(Table `B`) in which the records (rows) of that table represent the enum set.

3. IMPORTANT: record/row creation (insert) or (editing) updating/replacing in Table A requires a col_2 check to make sure values conform to permissible values in Table B (its single column)

4. IMPORTANT: the reverse is true: changes to Table B record/row requires an update in Table A col_2. In the case of editing (update/replace), Table A col_2 is updated/replaced with same string (varchar type). In the case of deletion, the record/row in Table A containing a no longer valid col_2 will not have NULL entered on col_2 NOR the record deleted, but rather the record will be *moved* to Table C (which is created if it does not exist), and will have identical table structure to Table A but col_2 will have a NULL value entered.

I am guessing that can be done in one long CREATE or ALTER TABLE statement.